under study
مورد بررسی و مطالعه
under condition
تحت شرایط
under pressure
تحت فشار
under observation
تحت نظارت
under close observation
تحت نظارت شدید
under influence
زیر نفوذ
under impression
تحت تاثیر
under construction
در دست ساخت
under discussion
تحت بررسى
under control
تحت کنترل
under education
تحت تعلیم
under supervision
تحت نظارت
under protection
تحت مراقبت
under police protection
تحت مراقبت پلیس
under heavy police protectionبخش دوم
آغاز نامه
برای شروع نگارش یک نامه با توجه به موقعیتی که شما در آن قرار دارید می توانید از جملات و مثال های زیر استفاده فرمایید.
We are writing to inform you that your credit card will be expire at the end of this month.
این نامه را برای شما می نویسیم تا به اطلاع برسانیم که کارت اعتباری شما در پایان این ماه منقضی خواهد شد.
to request …
به منظور درخواست برای ....
to enquire about …
برای تحقیق در مورد ....
I am contacting you for the following reason.
بنده به دلایل زیر با شما تماس می گیرم.
I recently read/heard about your new Products and would like to know … .
اخیرا در مورد محصولات جدید شما (مطالبی) خواندم / شنیدم و تمایل دارم در مورد ... اطلاعاتی داشته باشم.
Having seen your advertisement in … , I would like to …
با مشاهده تبلیغات شما در .... تمایل دارم تا ....
I would be interested in (obtaining/receiving) …
علاقمند به دریافت ... هستم.
I received your address from … and would like to …
آدرس شما را از ... گرفتم و تمایل دارم ...
I am writing to tell you about …
قصد دارم به عرض شما برسانم که ...
بخش اول
نامه ها و مکاتبات به دو دسته تقسیم می شوند نامه های رسمی یا formal و نامه های غیر رسمی و یاinformal. نامه های غیر رسمی همانطور که از نام آن پیداست بیشتر برای مکاتبات دوستانه استفاده می شود و برای نگارش آن نیازی به اصول و قواعد لازم نیست و می توان آن را به هر نحو ممکن نگارش نمود. اما نامه های رسمی که برای مکاتبات تجاری و اداری در موضوعات کاری متفاوت نظیر سفارش کالا، استعلام، تشکر، شکایت، دعوت به همکاری و ... نگارش می شوند، نیاز به قواعد و اصول خاصی دارند. نامه های رسمی معمولا از سه بخش Heading، Letter Body، Ending تشکیل می شوند. که نمونه جملات و عبارت رایج برای هر یک از این موارد در زیر ذکر شده است. لازم به ذکر است ترجمه ارائه شده صرفا جهت آشنایی با معادل آنها در فارسی بوده و برای استفاده در موقعیت های مختلف می باشد اما در حالت کلی نمی توان این عبارت را ترجمه نمود و باید با توجه به شرایط و نوع نامه بهترین جملات را در نظر گرفت.
Salutation
سلام و تعارفات اولیه نامه
برای شروع نگارش یک نامه رسمی، اگر نام فرد را بدانیم از عبارت Dear Mr …و یا عبارت Dear Ms …استفاده می شود. اما اگر تنها جنسیت فرد را بدانیم برای آقایان از عبارات Dear sir(آقا) و Dear Sirs(آقایان) استفاده نموده و برای خانم ها از عبارت Dear Madamاستفاده خواهد شد. اگر حتی جنسیت فرد را ندانید می توانید از عبارت Dear Sir / Madamاستفاده نمایید. در فرم امریکایی نامه های اداری، بعد از کلمات از علامت (:) استفاده می شود و در فرم بریتانیایی از کاما (,) استفاده می شود.
☸به طور معمول می توان عبارات زیر را در خط اول یک نامه رسمی ذکر نمود.
Dear Mr Jackson,
آقای جکسون عزیز
Dear Ms White,
خانم وایت عزیز
Dear Sir / Sirs / Messrs,
آقای عزیز/ آقایان عزیز
Dear Madam,
خانم عزیز
Dear Sir or Madam,
خانم یا آقای عزیز
Dear All,
حضور محترم همه
Good Day
روز به خیر (حالت غیر رسمی تری دارد و در چند نامه اول استفاده نمی شود)
☸ نکته: هرگز عنوان را (Mr , Ms) را پیش از نام کوچک شخص ننویسید.
find out
Meaning: to discover a fact or information about something
weigh in
Meaning: to be weighed before participating in a sport like boxing or horse-racing
turn away
Meaning: If someone turns you away, they don't allow you to enter a place.
turn up
Meaning: to increase the volume, heat, power, etc. of an appliance by turning a knob or pressing a button
factor in
Meaning: to include a certain item when calculating or planning something
come to
Meaning: to add up to a particular total
pack up
Meaning: If something packs up, it stops working and needs to be fixed.
get out
Meaning: If you get something out, you remove it from whatever it's in.
turn down
Meaning: to decrease or lower the volume, heat, power, etc. of an appliance by turning a knob or pressing a button
let off
Meaning: to give someone little or no punishment for doing something wrong
get up
Meaning: to stand up or to get to one's feet
hunt down
Meaning: If you hunt down someone, you try to find them and capture or kill them.
call off
Meaning: to cancel an event that was planned or scheduled
occur to
Meaning: If a thought or an idea occurs to you, it comes to you.
associate with
Meaning: If you associate with someone, you regularly spend time with them.
resort to
Meaning: to do something you'd rather not do only because better options or solutions are not possible
take off
Meaning: If a plane takes off, it leaves the ground and rises into the sky.
jam up
Meaning: If something jams up, it can't work properly because one of its moving parts is jammed by something.
take out
Meaning: If you take somebody out, you invite them to go out with you, usually for a meal or entertainment.
cut out
Meaning: If you tell someone to "Cut it out!", you want them to stop doing something annoying.
print out
Meaning: to make a printed copy of a document
advise of
Meaning: If you advise someone of something, you tell them about it.
toy with
Meaning: to think about doing something, but not very seriously
run down
Meaning: to hit somebody with a vehicle such as car or a truck
a chip off the old block
Meaning: Someone can be described as a chip off the old block if they are very similar in character to one of their parents, usually their father.
another string to your bow
Meaning: If you have another string to your bow, you have another way of making a living.
a matter of life and death
Meaning: If something is a matter of life and death, it's extremely important and it could involve someone's survival.
the moment of truth
Meaning: The moment of truth is a time when the truth about something is revealed, or when an important decision is made.
zero-sum game
Meaning: A zero-sum game is a situation in which any gain by one side or person is at the expense of a loss to another side or person involved in the situation.
dig your heels in
Meaning: If you dig your heels in, you stubbornly resist something or refuse to change.
quick on the uptake
Meaning: If you are quick on the uptake, you're smart and you can understand things quickly.
down to earth
Meaning: If someone is down to earth, they are practical and sensible.
steer clear of
Meaning: If you steer clear of something, you don't go near it because it could harm you or cause you a problem.
the back of beyond | the back of the beyond
Meaning: You can say a place is in the back of beyond, or the back of the beyond, if it's very far from towns or cities.
face the music
Meaning: If someone has to face the music, they have to accept the consequences of doing something wrong.
can't see the wood for the trees
Meaning: If you can't see the wood for the trees, you can't see the whole situation clearly because you're looking too closely at small details, or because you're too closely involved.
for the time being
Meaning: If something will be the way it is "for the time being", it will be that way for a limited period of time only.
wide of the mark
Meaning: If something is wide of the mark, it isn't true or accurate, or it misses the target.
back to square one
Meaning: If you have to go back to square one, you have to stop and start again, usually because something isn't working as well as expected.
get a look in
Meaning: If you get a look in, you get a fair chance to do something.
(something) escapes you
Meaning: If you say something escapes you, it means you can't remember it.
a narrow escape
Meaning: If you have a narrow escape, you survive a dangerous situation, but only just.
a blessing in disguise
Meaning: You can say something is a blessing in disguise if it appears to be bad at first, but it results in something very good in the end.
a flash in the pan
Meaning: You can say something or someone is a flash in the pan if they're popular or effective for a short time only.
a ballpark figure | a ballpark estimate
Meaning: If you give a ballpark figure or a ballpark estimate, you give a number which you think is fairly close to the actual one.
keep something in mind
Meaning: If you keep something in mind, you remember some information or advice and consider it at some time in the future.
get it off your chest
Meaning: If you get it off your chest, you tell somebody about something that's been bothering you and you've been thinking about a lot.
take something the wrong way
Meaning: If you take something the wrong way, you misunderstand what someone says and think they're being critical when they aren't.
It's written all over your face.
Meaning: If you say "it's written all over your face", you're saying that the expression on someone's face is showing their true feelings or thoughts.
the ins and outs
Meaning: If you know the ins and outs of something, you know all the details about it and understand how it works.
a pain in the neck
Meaning: You can say someone is a pain in the neck if they annoy you, or something is a pain in the neck if you don't like doing it.
an even break
Meaning: If you get an even break, you get a fair opportunity to succeed in your ambition or to achieve your goals.
keep your nose clean
Meaning: If you keep your nose clean, you stay out of trouble by making sure you don't do anything wrong.
above the law
Meaning: If someone is above the law, they are not subject to the laws of a society.
an even break
Meaning: If you get an even break, you get a fair opportunity to succeed in your ambition or to achieve your goals.